Skin Cancer and Older Adults

At least one in five Americans will develop skin cancer by age 70. Wearing sunscreen and hats and scarves to protect the skin are essential. Opt to sit in the shade, utilize umbrellas, and be conscious of the length of time spent in the sun.

Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of cells that make up the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among older adults. Symptoms are often subtle, so it’s important to understand what to look for.

There are three major types of skin cancer:

  1. Melanoma

  2. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

  3. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

All three are common among older adults, but melanoma is the most aggressive and most deadly type.

What is Melanoma?

Cutaneous melanoma occurs when skin cells called melanocytes become cancerous. The skin has 2 main layers: the epidermis (upper or outer layer) and the dermis (lower or inner layer). Melanocytes are found throughout the lower part of the epidermis. They make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. When exposed to the sun, melanocytes make more pigment, which is what causes skin to tan or darken.

Melanoma can occur anywhere on the body. Malignant tumors typically develop in areas that are exposed to the sun, but skin cancer cells can also occur in areas that do not usually get sun exposure. In men, melanoma is often found on the trunk (the area from the shoulders to the hips), head and neck. In women, melanoma often develops on the arms and legs. The majority of people who develop melanoma are caucasian men over 55.

Melanoma Risk Factors

  • Unusual moles

  • Exposure to natural sunlight

  • Exposure to artificial ultraviolet light (tanning booths)

  • Family or personal history of melanoma

  • Being white and older than 20 years

  • Red or blond hair

  • White or light-colored skin and freckles

  • Blue or green eyes

Skin Cancer Symptoms to Look for

To be on the lookout for skin cancer, it’s best to conduct a self-exam at least twice a year. We recommends head-to-toe at-home skin checks once a month to ensure early detection.

The easiest way to remember the symptoms of skin cancer is by using the following A-B-C-D-Es mnemonic device.

  • Asymmetry: If a mole is divided in half, the two halves are different in size or shape.

  • Border: Look for moles with irregular edges or borders.

  • Color: More than one color in a mole may be cause for concern.

  • Diameter: Moles that are larger than the size of a pea should be examined by a physician.

  • Evolving: Changes in the appearance of an existing mole and the development of new moles around existing ones (known as satellite moles) should be discussed with a doctor. This also includes any moles, sores or areas of skin that itch, ooze, bleed or do not heal within three weeks.

Caregivers can help conduct these skin checks and note any areas of concern to track closely and discuss with a primary care doctor or dermatologist. Older adults who are at high risk for developing skin cancer are encouraged to see a dermatologist at least annually for a full-body skin check.

Melody Lynch